Recommendations towards a policy statement for medieval or later rural settlement (MOLRS) remains, undertaken on behalf of Historic Scotland by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division

Preface
1.0 Summary
2.0 Introduction
3.0 Background to Policy Statement
4.0 Scope of Study
4.1 Agricultural Settlement Units
4.2 Industrial Settlement Unit
5.0 Settlement Patterns: Regional Zoning
6.0 Research Issues: Developing a Research Framework
6.1 Research Methodologies
      6.1.1 Landscape Research Project
6.2 National Research
      6.2.1 National Principles of Research
7.0 Research Issues: A Thematic Approach
7.1 National Themes of Research
7.2 Regional Research
      7.2.1 Shetland
      7.2.2 Orkney
      7.2.3 Caithness
      7.2.4 The Outer Hebrides
      7.2.5 North Western Highlands
      7.2.6 North Eastern Highlands
      7.2.7 Moray Estuary
      7.2.8 Central Highlands and Grampian
      7.2.9 Argyll and the Inner Isles
     7.2.10 West Central Lowlands
     7.2.11 East Central Lowlands
     7.2.12 Galloway and the Western Borders
     7.2.13 Eastern Borders
8.0 Recording Objectives
8.1 Settlement Systems: General Recording Objectives
8.2 Survey Objectives
      8.2.1 Field Survey Objectives
      8.2.2 Standing Building Survey Objectives
8.3 Excavation Objectives
9.0 Significance Criteria
10.0 Concluding Comments and Final Recommendation
11.0 Acknowledgements
12.0 Bibliography
13.0 Appendix

Preface [back to top]
The archaeological resources which are the subject of this study are among the most undervalued in Scotland. In part this is because they are both familiar (in the sense of being recognisable to the non-expert) and ubiquitous, but it is also because professionals have not yet learned how to value deserted settlement systems. The recent coining of the classificatory term, MOLRS, reflects a heightened concern for deserted settlements. Clearly the provision of an administrative title is the first step to more effective management. The term itself is both a statement of intent and a declaration of our current state of knowledge. Even on the fundamental questions of date we remain broadly ignorant. For most of the country the chronologies we use to date field remains are rudimentary and instinctive and the close dating of individual sites requires detailed documentary and archaeological investigation.

It is against this background of archaeological richness and scholarly ignorance that this study is situated. Ideally this study should lay the groundwork for the de-construction of the term MOLRS, which is neither a coherent category of monument with respect to its cultural affinities or useful as a chronological tool. Clearly no one who is seriously engaged in the study or medieval or modern Scotland can be happy with a classification scheme which regards eighteenth century blackhouses from the Western Isles as being the same as thirteenth century longhouses from Pebbleshire.

We can go further and state that the success of the policy which this study is contributing towards will be realised when the term MOLRS is abandoned in favour of more precise and elegant classification of the rural settlement archaeology of the past millennium. This goal may be some way in the future, but by promoting uniform recording objectives the quality of information needed to refine the chronologies and appreciation's of regional variation should improve. Moreover by providing evaluation criteria and setting out research agendas, it should be easier for those responsible for curating these monuments to ensure that the most important of these monuments are preserved.

The issue of classification terminology is of course not the most important aspect of this project, the long term aim of this study is to contribute to the preservation of crucial archaeological resources and thereby ensure the survival of Scottish rural landscapes which are capable of documenting their own history and character.

Stephen T Driscoll

1.0 Summary [back to top]
The MOLRS study was undertaken in order to create a series of recommendations towards a policy statement based around a number of key academic aims. These aims can be summarised as the establishment of research issues, the assessment of the regional nature of settlement remains, the creation of recording and excavation objectives and finally the establishment of significance criteria for use on MOLRS sites and landscapes for management purposes.

2.0 Introduction [back to top]
In October of 1994 Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division were asked by Historic Scotland to undertake a study of the MOLRS (Medieval Or Later Rural Settlement) category of sites and landscapes in Scotland. At the core of this study three key objectives were defined; recommendations towards a policy statement, the identification of academic research issues and the creation of minimum recording standards the (Historic Scotland 1994). In order to attain these objectives this study looked at four specific areas: research agendas, regionality of settlement patterns, recording objectives and the creation of significance criteria to aid in managerial and mitigating contexts. This work was made up of two periods of consultation, the first, a series of meetings with a number of key individuals, made up of archaeologists, historians, historical geographers, and soil scientists; the second consultation was via a letter and questionnaire sent to the remaining 200 people who registered themselves as interested individuals during the creation of Historic Scotland's Secondary Sources Index (Clapham 1993). Following on from this, an intense period of research and writing was undertaken which lead to the creation of the following recommendations towards a policy statement. This work was undertaken under the guidance of an advisory panel, consisting of Mr John Barrett (University of Glasgow), Professor Ted Cowan (University of Glasgow), Professor Robert Dodgshon (University of Aberystwyth), Dr Stephen Driscoll (University of Glasgow), Professor Chris Morris (University of Glasgow), Dr Alex Morrison (University of Glasgow) and Dr Margaret Nieke (English Heritage). Two representatives of Historic Scotland, Dr Sally Foster and Dr Richard Hingley also sat on the panel.

3.0 Background to Policy Statement [back to top]
Since 1991 Historic Scotland have had 'an increasing interest in the problems pertaining to the management and preservation of MOLRS remains' (Foster 1993, 1). This increasing interest led to the creation of a multi-disciplinary Advisory Group in July 1992 with the remit to establish mechanisms to aid in the protection and management of MOLRS sites and also to recommend and review relevant MOLRS projects. Historic Scotland's involvement has included the organisation and publication of two day seminars; the results of the first, Medieval or Later Rural Settlement in Scotland: Management and Preservation was published (Hingley 1993). This was followed by a second seminar on field systems: The History of Soils and Field Systems has just been published (Foster & Smout 1994). This work has been supplemented by two further projects; the Secondary Sources Index (Clapham 1994) and the Kyle and Carrick Project (Watson 1994).

Within this backdrop of seminar, research, publication and database construction Historic Scotland decided that a policy statement was necessary to establish the aims and principles to guide future preservation and management policy. A draft document was drawn up for internal circulation within Historic Scotland's own Advisory Group (MOLRSAG), known as Future Directions for Medieval or later Rural Settlement (MOLRS) (Foster 1993). This paper set out a series of underlying principles, a proposed course of action and identified three distinct periods with specific sub-division zones within each. After circulation of this document to the members of MOLRSAG major revision was deemed necessary. Consequently, It was decided that an outside contractor should be commissioned to produce a revised policy statement combining the material already collated with the results of a new period of consultation and research.

GUARD was selected on the basis of a research design which took on the three key issues as expressed in the tender documents (recommendations towards a policy statement, a review of relevant research aims and key issues and suggested minimum standards for recording) and integrated that with our own approach. This has been partially re-considered during the course of the project, as consultations have indicated that a minimum recording standard was academically unacceptable. In its place a series of recording objectives have been agreed with Historic Scotland and are outlined below in section 6.

4.0 Scope of Study [back to top]
The scope of the medieval or later rural settlement study is clearly targeted within the domain of rural settlement studies. In order to allow a better definition two distinct settlement units, termed here as 'agricultural' and 'industrial' can be identified.

4.1 Agricultural Settlement Units [back to top]
The agricultural settlement unit makes up the majority of all settlement units considered in this study over the chronological timespan between the early medieval and industrial periods. It is possible to identify five distinct elements which constitute the core of a 'model' agricultural settlement unit. These are defined as follows:

• The settlement, including the core structures of the farm steading (dwellings, barns, byres, stables and related outbuildings).
• The associated field systems, including arable fields which may be enclosed or open and can be related to a given settlement (elements of the field systems can be defined as infield, outfield, meadows, rigs, dykes and clearance cairns).
• The associated pasture lands, plantations and periodic abodes, including any pastoral lands, shelter belts, enclosures or structures related to a given settlement (upland grazing, wooded plantations, head-dykes, sheep fanks and shielings).
• The associated domestic industries, including any industry directly undertaken at a farm steading to process or increase arable production (lime-burning, corn drying/milling/threshing) or to maintain estate services (saw mills, smithies, etc.).
• The associated communication links, including any connecting routeways between a given settlement and other elements of the economic system (trackways, holloway's, droveways and roads).

4.2 Industrial Settlement Units [back to top]
The second unit of settlement to be defined is the industrial settlement unit, which forms the minority of sites within the scope of the policy statement. These sites are defined as settlements specifically relating to commercial industrial development which are part of a system which extends beyond the local agricultural or domestic sphere. In other words settlement locations associated with entrepreneurial investment in extraction or processing of industrial materials (e.g. miners rows, weavers cottages, craftsmen's houses etc.).

5.0 Settlement Patterns: Regional Zoning [back to top]

'The existence of regional variations has long been recognised and we are rapidly moving towards the time when the regional variations can be precisely defined' (Brunskill 1981)

Brunskill's identification of the regional nature of settlement in Britain was based on three regional zones for Scotland, as such it was a definition on the macro scale. However his point was valid enough even if the regions he identified were rather generalised. The recent work of Naismith on Scottish vernacular architecture has drawn more precise distinctions, and identified 12 mainland and island regions which he calls 'character zones' (Naismith 1989, 155-212). These are based on differences derived from three factors: climate, geology and stylistic influences stimulated by social, economic and cultural impulses (Naismith 1989, 148). Although Naismith's work is specifically geared to deal with occupied/standing buildings, the MOLRS study has a wider remit, taking in relict settlement evidence as well. Although his work on the ethnographic nature of regional settlement is recognised here as a centrally valid factor in assessing the regionality of settlement remains. It is not our intention to re-present the regional divisions developed within the Future Directions document as we feel that the approach utilised failed on a number of grounds.

The purpose of that work was to identify specific regional trends set within a context of historic processes, in essence chronology and thematics intertwined in an attempt to see general trends in the landscape. Although, two other criteria for zoning (topography and administrative boundaries) were specifically identified, the core reasoning behind the period maps offered a particular thematic view of MOLRS remains. The general lack of detailed archaeological knowledge of MOLRS site types through time cannot be said to justifiably support a system of rigid boundary zoning based on chronological grounds. However, there is clear support for the regionality of settlement remains they express. In order to overcome the problems of lack of work in this field it is our intention to promote less rigid divisions which should allow a degree of flexibility in terms of management and preservation criteria. We are recommending regional divisions based upon ethnographic and archaeological grounds within the limits imposed by current knowledge of settlement remains. This is represented on a single map, divided into 13 zones, with each zone broadly defined and acquiring a generalised boundary (see fig 1). These boundaries should not be seen as rigid, indeed they are deliberately imprecise to highlight the fact that variation in settlement pattern does not occur abruptly, but is marked by gradual change. This approach to regional divisions abandons a chronological approach. Though issues of chronological and historical development are retained within the research issues section, but are not prominent considerations in the dividing process. The regional zones identified are defined as follows:

Region 1: Shetland
Region 2: Orkney
Region 3: Caithness
Region 4: The Outer Hebrides
Region 5: North West Highlands
Region 6: North East Highlands
Region 7: Moray Estuary
Region 8: Central Highlands and Grampian
Region 9: Argyll and the Inner Isles
Region 10: West Central Lowlands
Region 11: East Central Lowlands
Region 12: Galloway and Western Borders
Region 13: Eastern Borders

Click on the numbered zones to jump to the research issues for each region.

6.0 Research Issues: Developing a research framework [back to top]
A key area for the future of MOLRS research lies in identifying the major research issues that will drive the study of Medieval or later rural settlements. Given the regionally specific distribution of settlement remains it is crucial that, as far as possible, these research aims are regionally specific. The following chapters identify each region's specific research agenda and integrate it within a backdrop of national issues and research methodology.

It is quite clear that the methodology of approach for any research project is wholly dependant on the scale of the project. With this in mind, a definition of research scales is necessary prior to any definition of research methodology. Three scales can be characterised: national, landscape and local.

National research is defined as a programme of work which seeks to analyse particular themes or categories of site over the whole nation.

Landscape research is defined as a programme of work which seeks to analyse a block of landscape greater than a single site and less than the entire nation.

Local research is defined as a programme of work which seeks to analyse a single site or building.

The specifics of national and local research programmes lie outwith the scope of this study and it is not the intention here to establish research methodologies for either. However we do feel it is useful to layout a methodological approach for dealing with landscape research projects as they are clearly the most pertinent scale of analysis.

6.1 Research Methodology [back to top]
It is the intention here to define a programme for the investigation of MOLRS sites and landscapes which consists of a sequence of tasks, many of which are already standard practice. The biggest challenge laid down by the recommended programme is the requirement for a interdisciplinary strategy in which the study of the various strands of evidence is integrated at each stage of the programme. While the research methodology as outlined here is idealised and formulaic, it represents an approach which can provide a coherent structure to the investigation of MOLRS in both research and rescue contexts.

6.1.1 Landscape Research Project [back to top]
An idealised landscape research project can focus on a region as defined in section 5.0, or more likely will refer to a coherent block of landscape above the single site level (local research project) of analysis. The following strategic methodology is specifically designed to allow the whole cultural landscape to be targeted, rather than a project to analyse a number of single sites on a regional basis. The strategy is defined below:

• Cartographic and desk-based assessment of archaeology in a specified region.
    &
  Review and analysis of secondary documentary sources for a specified region.
• Field assessment of archaeological evidence for a specified region.
    &
  Review and analysis of primary documentary sources for a specific region.
    &
  Review and analysis of toponymic (place-name) evidence for a specified region
• Identification of specific sites for further work (integrating of archaeological, historical and toponymic review data).
• Field survey of archaeological remains of specific sites/landscapes
    &
  Review and analysis of primary documentary sources for specific sites/landscapes.
• Archaeological prospecting (test pitting or trial trenching) of specific sites/landscapes
    &
  Identification and trial excavation of field systems, including primary soils analysis.
• Archaeological prospecting of specific sites/landscapes, including identification of, and excavation of, sites/landscapes using 'open area' excavation techniques.
    &
  The construction of a regional history, exploring social and economic development of region.
• Production of integrated data structures report (interim) for fieldwork elements of project.
• Production of final integrated (all participating disciplines) report for publication in academic journal.

6.2 National Research [back to top]
There are no national research programmes currently being undertaken in Scotland on Medieval or later rural settlement remains. Although scope for work into Scotland's social, economic and vernacular histories and archaeology's on a national scale certainly remains. The regionally specific distribution of settlement remains may dictate that regional approaches to MOLRS research may in fact dominate research agenda's in the near future. What is clear however, is the need for a coherent strategic guideline which would allow research issues, as well as preservation and management issues to be developed further. A number of 'underlying principles' for management and preservation have already been specified (Foster 1993). It will be the intention here to utilise these, alter and expand them to form a guideline for future research on a national scale.

• Long term strategies for research are essential.
• Research into MOLRS sites should be undertaken on multi-disciplinary grounds and should integrate archaeological research with documentary history, architectural history, soil science, toponymy and landscape studies.
• A landscape approach to survey and interpretation of MOLRS sites should be adopted in preference to single site or building orientated research.
• All aspects of cultural landscapes should be considered, including settlements, field systems, domestic industries, communication links, shieling sites and the relating of archaeology from other periods.
• Clearer understanding of historical processes will allow better research to be derived for MOLRS.
• Documentary evidence can provide invaluable insights into the explanation of archaeological remains; it is most effective in assessing the social and economic history of a particular area.
• The establishment of a national MOLRS research group is needed to guide coherent research and establish a forum for debate outwith Historic Scotland.

7.0 Research Issues: A Thematic Approach [back to top]
To move from the principles of national research, to the actual conduct of research, we are proposing a two-tier approach to the development of research themes, which as far as possible, are regionally specific. There are clearly certain themes that can be said to be applicable over all regions; these we have called national themes of research. On the other hand, the regional variation in settlement structure and character necessitates that a more detailed regionally specific set of research themes has to be identified and pursued if significant progress is to be made in understanding this category of sites and landscapes. The following list of national themes are not ranked in any particular order, but should be taken to represent a sample list of national topics of research.

• Chronological sequences: providing dates for the typology of architectural forms.
• Principles of social organisation and community size and their effect on settlement structure.
• Tenurial traditions and their influence on settlement form.
• The process and mechanics of agricultural improvements from the medieval period onwards.
• The development of estates and their influence on settlement location and size.
• Relationship and influence of commercial markets.
• The use of natural resources and their relationship to architectural practices.
• Transhumance and exploitation of marginal zones as elements of the economic system.
• Place-name evidence as a guide to the location, nature and chronology of settlement types.
• Industrial development and influence upon settlement location and form.
• Expansion and contraction of settlement as a response to environmental change and socio-economic change.
• Environmental change and its impact on settlement form.
• Agricultural regimes and practices and their influence on land use and settlement form.
• The impact of prehistoric land use and settlement on later settlement location and form.

7.2 Regional Research [back to top]
The establishment of 13 regions for the study of MOLRS based on ethnographic and archaeological grounds provides the framework for examining more specific regional issues. This section highlights those issues culled from the consultancy phase of active researchers and from the secondary sources. Each region defined in section 5 has been dealt with as a separate entity, however it has become quite clear that certain regional research themes are common to more than one region. Moreover, the variable intensity of previous research means that although it is possible to define sophisticated themes for some areas, in others we are restricted to a more generalised approach. The following regional research themes should therefore not be treated as the definitive list of all known research topics, but merely as an indication of key areas for research as they are now understood.

• Identification and analysis of pre-Norse settlements in Shetland.
• The impact of Norse groups on the settlement pattern and architecture.
• The tradition of aisle house construction and the development of the longhouse from the Norse period to the Improvements.
• The re-use of place names suggesting developmental patterns and settlement evolution in the Viking and late Norse periods.
• The structure and form of pre-improvement farm steadings.
• The social impact of eighteenth century improving landowners.
• The effects of the imposition of a crofting economy on the cultural landscape during the nineteenth century.
• The role of kelp and fishing stations in the development of coastal economies during the nineteenth century.
• The establishment of satellite agricultural economies around the main urban centre of Lerwick.
• The role of horizontal mills within the agricultural economy.
• Northern European influence on commerce and trade through history.

• The impact of Norse groups on the settlement pattern and their interaction with native peoples.
• The re-use of place names suggesting developmental patterns and settlement evolution in the Viking and late Norse periods.
• The structure and form of pre-improvement farm steadings.
• The agricultural economy of early modern Orkney and the pre-improvement settlement pattern.
• The role of the nineteenth century exploitation of kelp and fishing in the establishment of stable coastal settlements.
• The development of an emphasis on grain-based economies.
• Industrial settlements and their relation to the flagstone industry.
• The development of single tenant leases and its effect on vernacular architecture.

• The impact of Norse groups on the settlement pattern and structural history of Caithness.
• Place-name evidence as an indicator of Norse and Gaelic influence.
• The agricultural economy of early modern Caithness and the pre-improvement settlement pattern.
• The influence of Improvers and improvements (especially sheep farming) on locally-based economies and social systems, confined to single straths.
• The development of Wick as a trading centre and its relation to the agricultural hinterland.
• Industrial development of the nineteenth century and distribution of related settlements for the woollen and flagstone industries.
• The development of fishing and whaling stations along the coastal fringes and their effect on the settlement pattern.

• The identification and analysis of pre-Norse settlements in the Outer Hebrides.
• The social and cultural impact of Norse settlements in the Western Isles.
• The role of lordship in the social development of the Outer Hebrides.
• The use of place-name evidence in assessing settlement pattern on Lewis during the medieval period.
• Disappearance of machair townships along the western seaboard of the Long Island.
• The chronological development of the runrig system in the Outer Hebrides.
• The role of transhumance in the agricultural economies of Lewis, Harris, Barra and the Uists.
• The location of medieval chapels and their influence on settlement pattern.
• Coastal exploitation and settlement location along the western seaboard of the Long Island.
• The grain trade in late seventeenth century Western Isles.
• Identifying of pre-crofting settlement types and architectural traits.
• Agricultural techniques and field system development in the Western Isles.
• The development and use of turf as a building material in the Outer Hebrides, particularly on Eriskay.
• The introduction and effect of large-scale sheep farms to the settlement pattern in the forest of Harris.

• Identifying the medieval settlement location and architectural type in the glens of the north-west.
• The investigation and study of locations for satellite settlements around medieval fortified sites.
• The grain trade in the late seventeenth century Highlands and its impact on settlement pattern in the north-west.
• The nineteenth century kelp economy and the social collapse of the settlement systems on the coastal fringes.
• The role of the Crofters Act in the stabilisation of coastal culture in the north-west.
• The morphological development of field systems on the isles and mainland of the north-west Highlands.
• The introduction and effect of large scale sheep farms to the settlement pattern.
• The role of sea lochs as communication links, and its effect on the settlement pattern.
• Industrial developments in iron, mineral extraction and fisheries; the establishment of industrial settlements.

• Identifying the medieval and early modern settlement components.
• The archaeology of pre-improvement settlements, in particular evidence from the strath of Kildonan, Rosal and Lairg.
• The clearances in Sutherland: the impact of social dislocation and its effect on the architectural history of the area.
• The introduction and effect of large scale sheep farms to the settlement pattern in inland straths.
• The establishment of coastal economies based on the herring fisheries during the nineteenth century.
• Industrial development during the nineteenth century, with particular reference to related settlements of the woollen industry.

• The organisation of Grange sites and their impact on the plan and form of settlements.
• The development of the coastal economy and its impact on settlement in the early modern period.
• The development of urban centres and their influence on settlement location.
• Identifying locations of pre-improvement settlement on the upland margins.
• The influence of the linen industry on settlement form.
• The development of herring fisheries during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
• The Improvers and the mechanics of improvements in lowland Moray.
• The development of the nineteenth century slate industry and its settlement history.
• The impact of the distilling industry on the rural economy, and its resultant settlement pattern.

• The agricultural hinterland of Aberdeen and the medieval settlement pattern.
• The hall house tradition of building construction along the coastal fringes.
• Late seventeenth century re-organisation of townships in the Central Highlands from large to small.
• The development of improvement techniques and their impact on the pre-improvement landscape, in particular the effect of double-dyking in Buchan.
• Clearances in Deeside in the late eighteenth century to establish deer parks.
• The exploitation and extraction of timber along the Dee during the early modern period and its effect on settlement location.
• Examination of fringe locations between the highland and lowland North East to identify medieval components of settlement pattern.
• The relationship between the agricultural base and the development of the flax and woollen industries and its impact on settlement location.
• The establishment of industrial settlements to supply the granite and slate industries of the nineteenth century.
• The development of the fisheries in the 19th century and its effect on settlement location.

• Early medieval defensive sites and the location of satellite settlements.
• The establishment of monastic centres and medieval parish churches in mainland Argyll and their impact on the settlement pattern and location
• Specialisation of grain based economies in Argyllshire and its impact on settlement location.
• The influence of the Dukes of Argyll on settlement location within their estates, especially the early Improvements on the inner isles.
• Major lordly residences in Argyll and their associated settlement sites.
• The role of sea lochs as communication links, and its effect on the settlement pattern.
• The distribution of settlement and industrial location.
• The impact of agricultural improvements, particularly the use of lime-burning to improve marginal land quality.
• The mechanisms and extent of clearances in Argyll, with reference to the role of the smaller estates in removals from the land.
• The eighteenth century exploitation of the herring fisheries and its impact on settlement location and size.
• The establishment of royal burghs in the seventeenth century highlands and the growth of mercantile settlements.
• The development of major industrial exploitation and its related settlements during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in particular in relation to the iron, gunpowder, slate, distilling and lead industries.

• The influence of major ecclesiastical centres [e.g. Glasgow, Paisley, Crossraguel etc.] on settlement location.
• The role of lords and clerics in pre-improvement social systems of Ayrshire, Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire.
• The role of bonnet lairds in the early modern rural economies of west central lowlands, in particular the social architecture and locating of lairds houses.
• The development of large urban centres and their impact on the rural economy.
• The role of the large Ayrshire and Lanarkshire estates in fostering agricultural changes during the seventeenth century, particularly in relation to tenurial agreements.
• The industrialisation of the rural economy during the period of enclosure.
• The impact of better communication links on settlement location in eighteenth and nineteenth century Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, particularly the development of crossroad towns from original fermtouns.
• Coastal exploitation and settlement development in the Firth of Clyde.
• The impact of mineral extraction and processing on settlement development in Clydesdale.
• The role of market towns in the rural economy of Lanarkshire.
• The development of cotton milling in the upper reaches of the Clyde and its impact on the locating of rural settlement.

• The identification of medieval landscapes on the marginal fringes of Fife.
• The effect of small holdings in Fife from the twelfth century onwards on the form of steadings.
• The development of industrial exploitation through time in the Forth valley and estuary.
• The estate as a focus for agricultural development from the later medieval period onwards.
• The role of major ecclesiastical houses in establishing settlements and industrial development.
• The coastal economy and development of the lower reaches of the Tay during the medieval and early modern periods.
• The effect of land reclamation projects in the Forth Valley on the settlement patterns of medieval and later landscapes.
• The impact of ecclesiastical power and the development of monastic settlements during the medieval period.
• The development of Grange sites from the twelfth century onwards in South East and North East Perthshire.
• The relationship and re-use of medieval and prehistoric landscapes in North East Perthshire.
• The disempowerment and removal of disinherited tenants in the Lothian's during the agricultural improvements.
• The impact of better communication links on settlement location in eighteenth and nineteenth century Lothian's, Fife and the Mearns, particularly the development of crossroad towns from original fermtouns.
• Specialisation of grain based economies in East Lothian and its impact on settlement location.
• Industrial developments in the post-medieval and industrial periods and their associated settlement pattern, in particular the cotton, slate, coal, ironstone, iron and woollen industries.

• The granting of freehold tenure to the royal four towns around Loch Maben and its impact on settlement development.
• Later medieval settlement sites in marginal locations in Galloway and the upland Western Borders.
• The impact of the society and culture of 'reeving' on the early modern settlement pattern and architecture.
• The clearance and de-population of the Western Borders during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.
• The establishment of Whithorn as a major ecclesiastical centre and its impact on trade and settlement from the medieval period onwards.
• The establishment and development of crofting settlements in inland Galloway.
• The impact of improving landlords in the Western Borders and their effect on the settlement system.
• The relationship of urban centres like Dumfries or Lockerbie to the surrounding agricultural landscape.
• The woollen industry from the medieval period onwards and its impact on settlement location.
• Industrial developments in Galloway and the Western Borders during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in particular the growth of the lead, copper and cotton industries and their associated settlements.

• The medieval development of trading centres on the coast (Berwick, Dunbar etc.) and their relationship to the surrounding agricultural settlement pattern.
• The role of ecclesiastical or monastic houses in settlement location during the medieval period.
• The impact of the society and culture of 'reeving' on the early modern settlement pattern and architecture.
• The re-use of earlier defended sites in Peebleshire for settlement location in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
• The early abandonment of transhumance in the south east of Scotland and its relationship to land quality.
• Expansion and contraction of settlements in the upland fringes of the south eastern borders.
• The clearance and de-population of the Eastern Borders during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.
• Long term survival of vernacular architectural traits, comparable with Norse longhouse types.
• The development of green villages and shrunken villages during the late seventeenth to early eighteenth centuries.
• The woollen industry in the south eastern borders and its associated settlements.
• The use of lime-burning to enhance production on arable fields in the south eastern borders.

8.0 Recording Objectives [back to top]
The adoption of recording guidelines is an essential element of a coherent strategy to develop our understanding of MOLRS sites and landscapes. As such, they form a central role in allowing the research themes (discussed above) to be developed further. These guidelines are primarily focused on making decisions about which elements of sites or landscapes should be recorded. Detailed consideration is given to two distinct aspects of recording; survey objectives and excavation objectives.

The following recording objectives are intended to encourage an optimum level of recording. They are not minimum recording standards. The recording objectives are designed to allow both amateur and professional groups to access and utilise them for both mitigation and research purposes. They should not be read as a recommendation that has to be taken on wholesale, but rather as a series of inter-related objectives which can be utilised together or in part to suit the specific requirements for a particular site or landscape.

8.1 Settlement systems: general recording objectives [back to top]
It is crucial that a clear understanding of the entire settlement unit be understood when it comes to recording deserted settlements in both highland and lowland contexts. This extends to the whole environmental system and not only to include the immediate settlement area, but also to include field systems, rough pasture and domestic industries. Where possible it should also include archaeology above the head dyke and any communication links which formed an integral part of the economic and social system.

Objective 1: Record the spatial layout and orientation of dwellings, barns and byres that constitute the settlement.

Objective 2: Record the layout and extent of field systems (infield and outfield), including the orientation of the fields and rigs and relate them to the settlement.

Objective 3: Record any archaeological features above the head-dyke (including prehistoric) and relate this to the settlement and field systems.

Objective 4: Record any associated domestic industry (e.g. mills, corn kilns etc.) and relate this to the other constituent elements of the settlement system.

Objective 5: Record any communication links in the form of roads, trackways or holloway's between the individual elements of the settlement system.

8.2 Survey Objectives [back to top]
The specific survey recording objectives are intended to ensure that details of both vertical and horizontal data are recorded, to allow spatial and sequential relationships to be defined. This can be broken down to field survey recording and standing building recording. The overall objective is to recover and record the entirety of human impact and influence within the landscape through time.

A fully surveyed section will generally require two or three levels of recording: an overview linking extensive features is needed and may be mapped at 1:10000, a central plan identifying relationships between settlements and the surrounding landscape at 1:2500, and finally a detailed level of recording of at least 1:500 (if not larger) of specific elements within the landscape.

Objective 1: Record the spatial layout and orientation of dwellings, barns and byres that constitute the settlement, giving the scale, orientation and extent of the structures.

Scale: Surveys of small groups of buildings that form individual settlements should be undertaken at 1:2500, with details of individual buildings carried out at a scale of 1:500.

Orientation: The spatial orientation of buildings should be recorded in relation to each other and the surrounding landscape.

Extent: The specific details of the extent of structures, their ground plan dimensions, wall thickness, position of windows and doorways should be included.

Objective 2: Record the layout and extent of field systems (infield and outfield), including the orientation of the fields and rigs and relate them to the settlement.

Scale: Ideally at a scale of 1:2500, though substantial field systems may dictate that a scale of 1:10000 be used.

Orientation: The spatial orientation of field systems should be recorded in relation to each other, associated settlements and the surrounding landscape.

Extent: The specific details of the layout of field systems, their defining characteristics, dykes, length of rigs, wavelength and amplitude of rigs, clearance cairns and ditches should beincluded.

Objective 3: Record any archaeology above the head-dyke (including features from other periods) and relate this to the settlement and field systems.

Scale: Given the likely extent of common pasture a scale of 1:10000 is recommended, though details of shieling groups should be undertaken at 1:2500, and individual structures surveyed at 1:500.

Orientation: The spatial orientation of any associated archaeology above the head-dyke should be recorded in relation to the settlement, field systems and the surrounding landscape.

Extent: The specific details of the extent of any associated archaeology above the head-dyke, their defining characteristics, head-dyke, boundary dykes and shielingsshould be included.

Objective 4: Record structural evidence of domestic industry (e.g. mills, kilns etc.) and relate this to the other elements of the settlement system.

Scale: Ideally the scale of 1:500 would be preferred, though substantial or widely distributed industrial features may dictate that a scale of 1:2500 be used.

Orientation: The spatial orientation of domestic industrial features should be recorded in relation to the settlement, field systems and topographical features such as streams.

Extent: The specific details of the extent of domestic exploitation, their defining characteristics, extraction, production and materials storage sites should be included.

Objective 5: Record any communication links in the form of roads, trackways or holloway's between the individual elements of the settlement system.

Scale: Given the likely extent of communication links a scale of 1:10 000 is recommended.

Orientation: The spatial orientation of communication links should be recorded in relation to the settlement, field systems and the surrounding landscape.

Extent: The specific details of the extent of communication links, their defining characteristics, length, breadth and height/depth should be included.

8.2.2 Standing Building Survey Objectives [back to top]
The following objectives for recording standing buildings are designed to deal with all types of structure likely to be encountered within a settlement site. It should be recognised that it is necessary to 'combine a written description and analysis with a visual record made by drawings and photography' (RCHME 1991, 1). In relation to standing building survey a series of drawings including both elevations and plans are necessary.

Objective 1: Record the elements that constitute the walls of a structure, this will include the scale, dimensions, form, materials, finish and details.

Scale: A scale of 1:20 or 1:50 should be used for standing building survey's, depending on the size of structure being recorded. Details should be undertaken at a scale of 1:10.

Dimensions: Height, width, and thickness of walls: this should also include any variation caused by different periods of construction, extending foundations etc.

Form: Stone - rubble, coursed rubble, ashlar etc.: this may also extend to other materials such as coursed and patterned turf ( e.g. herring-bone pattern).

Materials: Stone, turf, brick, concrete, clay, timber, corrugated iron, open wattle: Combinations of two or more of the above are likely to occur.

Finish: Dry harling (painted/unpainted), dressed (stugged, droved etc.), rough hewn etc.

Details: External -openings, quoins, window margins, skewputs, wall vents (slit, round, triangular etc.) and dates and inscriptions.
Internal - openings, plastering, tiling, wood panelling (varnished/unvarnished), embellishments, and dates and inscriptions.

Objective 2: Record in elevation doors and windows within the structure, their dimensions, construction, finish, type and details.

Scale: A scale of 1:20 or 1:50 should be used for standing building survey's, depending on the size of structure being recorded. Details should be undertaken at a scale of 1:10.

Dimensions: Height, width and thickness of doors and windows. This should include two sets of dimensions, one for the internal sizes of doors and windows, and the other taking into account any wooden facings surrounding them.

Form: Doors - single, double, split (horizontal/vertical), sliding hatches etc. Windows - fixed, hinged, single, double etc.

Materials: Windows - sash/wooden (with or without lugs), cast iron framed, partially glazed, unglazed openings etc.

Finish: Paintwork, varnish, colour etc.

Details: Doors - latches, locks, hinges, doorsteps, handles, knockers, traps, ventilators etc.
Windows - shutters, grills, louvres, hit-or-miss ventilators etc.

Objective 3: Record roofing features, including dimensions, roofing structure, roofing materials, deployment, detail and form.

Scale: A scale of 1:20 or 1:50 should be used for standing building survey's, depending on the size of structure being recorded. Details should be undertaken at a scale of 1:10.

Dimensions: Height (vertical and angular), width, degree of pitch.

Form: Gabled, piend, pyramid, dome, ogee, steeple, jerkin, mansard, flat or monopitch, bellcast etc.

Materials: Thatch (rush, reed, heather, bracken, straw, clay etc.), Tiles (plain, pantile, glazed pantile, slate, fish scale slates, stone slates, flagstone, thatch with turf ridge.

Structure: Crucks, king post, queen post roofs, sarking, butt & through purlins, pegged timbers, adzed timbers, ashlar pieces, jettied roofs, underplastering on slate roofs, underthatching on thatch roofs (turf, bracken etc.), cast or wrought iron members etc.

Deployment: Open slating, graded slating, patterned slating, pantile with slate apron, pantile, thatch.

Details: Roof vents (integral or projecting), ridge coping, barge boards, flashings, skylights (glazed and pantile glazed).

Objective 4: Record in plan flooring of structures, in particular dimensions, flooring materials, and internal features.

Scale: A scale of 1:20 or 1:50 should be used for standing building survey's, depending on the size of structure being recorded. Details should be undertaken at a scale of 1:10.

Dimensions: Length, breadth and diagonal dimensions. These should also allow for any openings leading onto the floor space.

Materials: Flagstone, tiling, cobbles, clay/beaten earth, timber (ground and upper floors), metal/tile, concrete etc.

Details: Drains (open and closed), hearths, working platforms etc.

Objective 5: Record any associated external fittings.

Scale: A scale of 1:20 or 1:50 should be used for standing building survey's, depending on the size of structure being recorded. Details should be undertaken at a scale of 1:10.

Dimensions: Length, breadth and height of external features.

Materials: Flagstone, stone, tiling, timber, metal, metal/tile, ceramics, glass, plastic, concrete etc.

Details: Middens, horse troughs, weather vanes, mounting blocks, churn stands, drain pipes, guttering, etc.

Objective 6: Record any associated internal features: This will be very dependant upon what the building has been used for.

Scale: A scale of 1:20 or 1:50 should be used for standing building survey's, depending on the size of structure being recorded. Details should be undertaken at a scale of 1:10.

Dimensions: Length, breadth and height of external features.

Materials: Flagstone, stone, tiling, timber, metal, metal/tile, pottery, plastic, concrete etc.

Details: Fireplaces, shelves, fixed beds, cupboards, ash privies, partitions, half lofts, stairs, tethers, hoists, trevises, hecks , troughs, harness pegs, alcoves, bowls, milking fittings etc.

8.3 Excavation Objectives
This section provides a series of objectives which indicate the sorts of information which can be recovered utilising invasive fieldwork techniques. It is recommended that they form part of an investigative strategy which includes the survey recording objectives and not utilised on their own. These objectives have not been created with specific questions in mind, but represent a framework for the optimum recovery of information through excavation. They should be interpreted as the favoured approach, rather than a minimum standard of excavation.

It is the intention here to base the individual excavation objectives on a critical assessment of the returns likely to accrue by utilising the techniques specified. In other words the excavation objectives are based on a judgement of where the most important information is likely to be found and which excavation techniques are likely to generate the best recovery of information. Although all excavation objectives are necessarily tempered by the knowledge that finance, strategy and academic questions have a critical role to play in any excavation work.

Objective 1: Record the spatial layout orientation and chronological sequence of dwellings, barns and byres that constitute the settlement.

Method: Open area excavation.

Excavation Area: The investigation area should include all structures (interior and exterior), any central areas (farmyards, assess tracks, pathways etc.), any areas adjoining buildings (kailyards, raised kailyards, stock pens etc.) and a peripheral halo surrounding the site of at least 10m wide. A 100% sample would be ideal, but excavation must include all building intersections and key features as identified by survey.

Recording Scales: 1:20 for plans and 1:10 for elevations.

Aim: Establish the history of occupation on a settlement site: This includes excavation and recovery of environmental materials (charcoal, burnt bone, burnt seeds, etc.), recovery of artefactual materials (pottery, glass, metalwork, slag, etc.), identification of separate phasing within a structure and recovery of secure dating evidence for buildings.

Objective 2: Record the layout and extent of field systems (infield and outfield), including the orientation of the fields and rigs. Relate them to the settlement and identify developmental sequence.

Method: Trial trenching (limited excavation) of key areas within field systems, including intersections of different phases of rigging.

Excavation Area: 2m by 1m Trial trenches are recommended at junctions of different phases of cultivation features and boundaries identified through survey techniques.

Scale: 1:20 for plans and 1:10 for elevations.

Aim: Establish the agricultural history of human action within a field system. The role of soil sciences is central here in analysing the structure and form of soil profiles, however a series of more general archaeological aims can be identified, including the excavation and recovery of environmental evidence (charcoal, burnt bone, burnt seeds, etc.), identification of separate phasing within a field system and recovery of secure dating evidence for field systems.

Objective 3: Record upstanding archaeology above the head-dyke and relate this to the settlement and field systems.

Method: Limited excavation and trial trenching of key areas above the head-dyke, including excavation of shieling sites.

Excavation Area: The use of survey evidence will allow key features (e.g. prehistoric sites or shieling sites) to be identified. The excavation area will therefore be wholly dependant on the type of site being looked at. In the case of shieling sites, because of the possibility of identifying settlement history limited excavation supported by trial trenching is recommended. That is, excavation of a group of shielings should include the excavation of at least one complete structure (interior and exterior) supported by trial trenching of other structures using 2m by 1m trenches.

Scale: 1:20 for plans and 1:10 for elevations.

Aim: Establish the history of occupation of areas above the head- dyke. A series of general aims can be identified, including excavation of specific areas within shieling sites and structures (hearths, postholes, entrances, pits, etc.), recovery of environmental materials (charcoal, burnt bone, burnt seeds, etc.), recovery of artefactual materials (pottery, glass, metalwork, slag, etc.), identification of separate phasing within a structure and recovery of secure dating for buildings. These objectives may also extend to archaeology outwith shieling sites.

Objective 4: Record any associated domestic industry and relate this to the other constituent elements of the settlement system.

Method: Limited excavation and trial trenching of key areas within industrial buildings and structures.

Excavation Area: The specific industrial process will determine the excavation objectives. Active industrial structures, where human beings undertook particular jobs (e.g. corn mills, smithies etc.) require a strategy which looks at the structure and its internal spaces where work took place or objects are likely to have survived. Passive industrial structures, where human contact was externally focused (limekilns, cornkilns etc.), require less intensive investigation. Because of the greater possibility of identifying elements of settlement history within active structures area excavation which includes excavation of the interior and exterior of the building is recommended. The excavation of passive structures should be undertaken by limited trenching of specific features (flue, bowl, entrance etc.).

Scale: 1:20 for plans and 1:10 for elevations.

Aim: Establish the history of use on an industrial site, in particular its function and developmental sequence in relation to other features. A series of general aims can be identified, including excavation of specific areas within industrial buildings (hearth, postholes, entrances, pits, ovens, kilns, bowls, wheel houses, etc.), recovery of environmental materials (charcoal, burnt seeds, etc.), recovery of artefactual materials (pottery, glass, metalwork, slag, etc.), identification of separate phasing within a structure and recovery of secure dating for industrial buildings.

Objective 5: Record any communication links in the form of roads, trackways or holloway's between the individual elements of the settlement system.

Method: Trial trenching.

Excavation Area: Trial trenches through communication links are recommended.

Scale: 1:10 for sections.

Aim: Establish the developmental sequence and relationship of communication links to associated features (drains, quarry's etc.). A series of general aims can be identified for excavation of communication links, including the identification of separate phasing within a communication link, recovery of secure dating evidence for a communication link and assessment of constructional techniques.

9.0 Significance Criteria [back to top]
A series of significance criteria have been formulated to clarify the issues considered when evaluating medieval or later rural settlement sites and landscapes. These criteria unlike those developed by English Heritage in their Monuments Protection Programme are non-scoring criteria, and therefore do not have Monument Importance Value (Wrathmell 1993, 4) ascribed to them. Instead, they are intended to serve as a 'trigger list' of categories that can be applied to any site or landscapes that come under the banner of MOLRS. It is hoped that the these significance criteria will help to balance managerial and preservation considerations particularly where scheduling or preservation by record are under consideration. It is a central tenant of this approach that no single criteria is more critical than another. In this respect, the significance criteria are more akin to the cultural significance as qualified by the Burra Charter (ICOMOS, 1988):-

"Whatever may be considered the principal significance of a place, all other aspects of significance should be given consideration" (ICOMOS 1988, 3.3)

In essence this means a MOLRS site or landscape may acquire significance across a number of criteria, even when those criteria appear to be contradictory. An example of this would be Pitcarmick houses in north-east Perthshire which may be valued highly for both their representative nature and rarity value. This is because a Pitcarmick-type house can be representative of other Pitcarmick houses in the area, while remaining rare within a national context.

Thirteen criteria have been identified, each has a specific non-scoring value, and can operate either independently or in conjunction with the other significance criteria.

Degree of Rarity: The degree of rarity can apply to particular building types as well as other elements of a settlement system including cultivation remains. Degree of rarity can be expressed at local, regional or national levels. A high degree of rarity can be created by unique preservation conditions, survival of features in heavily improved or developed areas (e.g. the central belt) and by antiquity.

Representative Nature: Representative nature of MOLRS sites specifically relates to the degree that a particular building type, settlement form, field system or landscape is representative of other MOLRS sites in the surrounding region. This can be expressed on local, regional or national levels, but can only be used in areas which have been reasonably well surveyed.

Completeness: This criteria focuses on the coherence of the entire set of components (buildings, fields, etc.) which comprise the settlement system. It further implies that the landscape setting remains intact. As such it may be expanded from the single settlement level of analysis to refer to a large tract of landscape, containing several settlements.

Historical Importance: This criteria can be defined on the basis of detailed documentary evidence from any period (e.g. Argyll estate papers) or on the basis of significant historical events having taken place (e.g. site of the Glencoe massacre). The significance of the historical events can include popular, as well as academic perceptions.

Form: This criteria focuses on architectural practice and considers the design, construction techniques and use of materials. The combination of design, use of materials and techniques leads to regionally distinct buildings (e.g. blackhouses in the Western Isles) while other forms of construction are more widespread in their utility. This criteria also embraces the spatial organisation of a building or group of buildings.

Period: This criteria relates to particular layouts and forms which can be seen to be chronologically specific. In the absence of regional chronologies, this has limited application, but as more chronologically specific features and sites are defined this will become an increasingly useful measure of significance.

Time Depth: Chronological time depth can be measured through the existence of documentary sources for a given site or location. This criteria is very specific in its role and can operate for both sites that are clearly visible in the landscape, and for sites which have left little or no visible physical remains. The value of time-depth as a criteria will be measured both on the quantity of documentation, and its quality.

Multi-Period Visibility: Multi-period visibility is a chronological significance criteria. It can be characterised as the existence of more than one phase of building visible on the surface at a given site. As such, this is a physical quantity whose significance does not change in proportion to the number of phases witnessed, but merely indicates multi-period use. The value of such evidence is that it provides the opportunity to analyse chronology.

Single-Period Visibility: The single-period visibility criteria relates to sites where only one phase of building is visible. The value of sites with this quality is that they provide a clear and undisturbed 'snap shot' of a settlement at a moment in time.

Legibility: This criteria expresses the degree to which a particular settlement or landscape can be 'read' by trained investigators. Not only does this embrace coherence of the settlement and associated agricultural features, but it reflects the overall quality of survival which allows for a detailed interpretation.

Association: This criteria refers to linkages of specific settlements to other sites and monuments of historic interest which fall outwith the definition of MOLRS, such as castles, churches, towns, factories and railways. This may also be used to define association with prehistoric elements within the landscape.

Special Features: The inclusion of special feature within structures or settlements not normally associated with particular structural forms or types can be said to be special features (e.g. lambing pens on the corners of longhouses on Ulva). These may in turn also relate closely to other significance criteria, they may have rarity or may even be representative. It is likely however, that special features will have a local significance as opposed to a regional or national significance.

Usage: This criteria refers to sites where the lifetime usage of the settlement is obvious and can be inferred from the physical remains (e.g. dairy farms). This is not a qualitative or quantitative feature, but allows in certain circumstances a clear definition of the use of a site to be established.

It is envisaged that this non-scoring approach to significance criteria will facilitate the production of an 'information list' for particular sites or landscapes which can be utilised for managerial, preservation, interpretation or recording purposes. The value of such a system is that it reflects current limitations in knowledge and allows for the potential of a site to contribute significant information to be recognised. Moreover, it is flexible enough to be modified as our state of knowledge improves.

It is clear that the application of any significance criteria is a subjective process, however that subjectivity can be managed via what English Heritage call 'professional judgement' (Wrathmell 1993, 8). Where any significance criteria must 'be open to modification in the light of professional judgement' (Wrathmell 1993, 8) and more specifically 'the validity of judgements will depend upon the care with which data is collected and the reasoning applied to it' (ICOMOS 1988, section 3.3). We feel this needs to be taken further and would suggest that the key factor in utilising significance criteria is 'critical knowledge' of the monuments or landscapes under consideration.

The employment of significance criteria is dependant upon the application of critical thought processes which depend upon a background of knowledge of MOLRS sites. Each separate criteria requires a degree of previous knowledge of the historic processes, settlement forms, chronology of development, structural types and archaeological remains to be used effectively.

The final point here is to view these non-scoring significance criteria as part of the larger research strategy defined within the study, a strategy which has attempted to define a clearer role and understanding of MOLRS sites and landscapes and how we should record and assess them. In essence the research theory at the heart of this study has been created to ensure that Scotland's landscape is capable of documenting its own history and character.

10.0 Concluding Comments and Final Recommendation [back to top]
The current state of knowledge about these monuments has seriously hampered the development of recommendations for the protection and study of MOLRS sites and landscapes. Although MOLRS are defined as being focused 'on the settlements and resource areas of non-elite members of society' (Hingley 1993, 67) it is necessary to highlight the point that they did not exist in isolation. The relationship between MOLRS settlements and the social elite, religion, industry and urbanism needs to be addressed more fully. The problem lies in our treatment of the historic landscape in general, this study has merely confirmed the view that we need to address the cultural landscape as a whole, rather than tinkering with one aspect of it. In other words the role of agricultural settlement, industrial development, clerical life and lordly influence all require consideration in analysis of historic landscapes. To avoid ensnaring ourselves by our own pre-conceptions and definitions of what constitutes a deserted settlement then we need to adopt an approach which is not bound too tightly to monument definition classification. After all 'the linking of sites to one another, to the environment and to the culturally specific conceptualisation and use of space is very rarely expounded, and yet such things are widely recognised as relevant to an understanding of the past' (Darvill et al 1993, 564).

11.0 Acknowledgements [back to top]
A large number of people deserve thanks for their contributions, help and assistance during the consultations phase of the project; Malcolm Bangor-Jones, Iain Banks, Jane Brann, Peter Corser, Fiona Crystal, Donald Davidson, John Dent, Tom Devine, Piers Dixon, Chris MacGregor, Allan MacInnes, Lorna Main, Richard Oram, John Shaw, Ian Shepard, Chris Smout, Geoffrey Stell, Jack Stevenson, Carol Swanson, Robin Turner, Bruce Walker, Graeme Whittington, John Wood, Tim Yarnell and Peter Yeoman. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the members of the GUARD Advisory Panel for their contribution to the study; John Barrett, Ted Cowan, Stephen Driscoll, Sally Foster, Richard Hingley, Chris Morris, Alex Morrison and Margaret Nieke. Special thanks are reserved for Robert Dodgshon for his commitment and dedication to the study, and for Stephen Driscoll for his comments on drafts of this report. Finally I am grateful to all those postal consultees who took the bother to respond to my questionnaire.

12.0 Bibliography [back to top]

Brunskill, R W 1981.Traditional Buildings of Britain, London.
Clapham, P 1993. Secondary Sources Registrar and Registrar of Individuals and Institutions interested in MOLRS, unpublished report, Historic Scotland.
Darvill, T, Gerrard, C & Startin, B 1993. 'Identifying and Protecting Historic Landscapes' in Antiquity, Vol. 67, 563-74.
Foster, S M 1993. Future Directions for Medieval or Later Rural Settlement, Historic Scotland discussion document.
Foster S M & Smout T C (eds) 1994. The History of Soils and Field Systems, Aberdeen.
Hingley, R (ed) 1993. Medieval or Later Rural Settlement in Scotland: Management and Preservation, Historic Scotland Occasional Paper No 1, Edinburgh.
Historic Scotland 1994. Medieval Or Later Rural Settlement: Project Outline, unpublished project outline, Historic Scotland.
ICOMOS 1988. The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter), unpublished charter document, International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites.
Naismith, R J 1989. Buildings of the Scottish Countryside, London.
RCHME, 1991. Recording Historic Buildings: A Descriptive Specification, second edition, London.
Watson, F 1994. Report on the Survey of Documentary Sources for Medieval Or Later Rural Settlement in Kyle and Carrick District, unpublished research document, Historic Scotland.
Wrathmell, S 1993. Monuments Protection Programme Single Monument Class Description: Medieval Rural Settlements and Medieval Dispersed Settlements, unpublished English Heritage discussion document.

13.0 Appendix [back to top]
Gazetteer of Architectural Terminology